Manufacturing Requirements Planning (MRP) programs help coordinate thousands of inventory items when demand for one item depends on demand for another. MRP systems determine when finished products are needed, then work backward to determine deadlines and resources needed to complete the final product on schedule.

USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN MANUFACTURING MIS

Technologies have been developed to control and streamline the manufacturing process. Computers can directly control manufacturing equipment using computer-assisted manufacturing software. Computer-integrated manufacturing software connects all aspects of production together, including order processing, product design, manufacturing, quality control, and shipping. For example, after an engineer designs a product using CAD software, MRP systems can use information from the design as input to plan and order materials. Production scheduling systems can use the design specifications as an input into the scheduling process. And computer-aided manufacturing systems can use the design specifications as input for setup. This greatly improves manufacturing efficiency.

BENEFITS OF MANUFACTURING MIS

A flexible manufacturing system allows a facility to quickly and efficiently change from making one product to making another, often using robotics and other automation. Generally the changeover is computer-controlled.

Finally, quality control has become paramount for manufacturing firms. Control charts or sample testing is used to monitor product quality.

The manufacturing MIS subsystems and outputs monitor and control the flow of materials, products, and services through the organization.

ADVANTAGES OF MIS

These are following advantages of development and management of Information technology in PEL Pakistan:

• Core competency support
• Enhance distribution channel management
• Increase brand equity
• Boost production process
• Expand E-Commerce
• Improve B2B commerce

RECOMMENDATIONS

No doubt the company is well equipped with the technology and IT professionals but even that I’d like to recommend that:

• There should be a continue review of the company polices and procedures regarding IT management to be consistent with the emerging world.
• Latest IT procedures and software must be considered for the old process as well as the new one
• IT professionals must be given periodic training to adapt the current trend in the field of IT.

CONCLUSION

Technology play a very vital role in the development and enhancement of any business so the latest and advanced technologies must be implemented and managed by highly professional to cope up with any complex situation.

We learn to speak our mother tongue by imitating those who speak around us, in a similar manner a foreign language is learned by imitation and reproduction. In the earlier stages, parrot-like repetition is more important than understanding the various parts of a sentence, or formulating ideas in a desired pattern. It is just like learning some skills as driving as knitting. The rule followed is,

Practice makes a man perfect!

When certain forms of languages have become automatic with learner, he will be able to reproduce them at his will. The teacher should therefore, give drill and ample practice in the basic patterns of language so that they become automatic with the pupils. The questions and answers also help in developing the power of expression.

In order to acquire the ability to speak English the students must possess:

Sufficient vocabulary;
A reasonable command of English idiom;
Reasonably correct pronunciation and intonation;
A proper sense of sentence structure;

The skillful use of language requires endless repetition and practice. It is due to the absence of this mode of learning a skill that most of students can hardly speak a sentence of English even after graduation which means at least nine years of study of the English language. So the must possess the following qualities and follow these suggestions to speak good English. Pronunciation, Practice, Correction of mistakes and learning by games.

Year 1850-1881
The first act in British India was in acted in the year 1850.According to this act any company/firm was to be audited twice a year, but unfortunately there were only few firms of accountants (who performs the audit) and they were busy enough to provide their services as per the act defines.

Year 1881-1913
Later on in 1881 another act was passed that gives the true definition of auditor and defined the procedures to hire, select and removal of an auditor. This act also explained the duties of the auditor. During this time layers were used to conduct audit, it was not compulsory for the firms to be audited by the accountants.

Year 1913-1932
Then the company act 1913 was passed. This act made it essential for auditor to get government certificate to be a professional auditor, moreover it became mandatory for all firms to maintain their accounts and records for the audit purpose. At that time there was no specific training for the professional auditors.

Year 1918
During this period it was mandatory for all auditors to get the government diploma in accountancy (GDA), this diploma made them eligible to get the government certificate as prescribed in company act 1913-1932.Meanwhile an accountancy board was attached with commerce collage to register apprentice ship and conduct required examination.

Year 1932
Till the year 1932, there was no centralized control over accountancy profession but later on the government framed some rules known as the “Auditor Certificate Rules” with a view to:
Register apprentice ship, Conduct examination, Conduct and regulate the profession of auditing. After the formulation of these rules the profession of accountancy and auditing was supervised by the ministry of commerce of central government.

Year 1952
After the independence of Pakistan the registered accountants formed a private body “Pakistan Institute of Accountants” to look after their own interests.

Year 1959
In the year 1959 PIA established an independent body “Council of Accountancy” to recommend chartered accountants in Pakistan.

Year 1961
Institute of chartered accountants came into being on july1961; a draft of chartered accountants bye-law was prepared and published for inviting public comments. This institute was administered by council of 13.

Year 1984
in December 1984 the company’s act 1913 was replaced with company’s act 1984,according to this act it was mandatory for the firms to prepare and maintain their accounting records, cost accounting records, cash flow statements, fund flow statements and so on.

Assignment – MBA (Finance & Banking)

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Investment |Definition |Investor |Definition | Investment policy |Investor protection policy in Pakistan |Objectives of investment | Important elements of investor’s policy.

PRACTICAL STUDY

SECURITIES and EXCHANGE COMMISSION OF PAKISTAN

SECP |Introduction |History

SECP
Vision |Mission |Main goals |Strategy

Services and Regulations

SECP Investor Protection Policies |SECP Educational Program |SECP Investor’s Guide.

Finalizing

Advantages |Recommendations |Conclusions

Preliminary Set Up
1. Place the support base on a flat, stable table that is located such that the Gravitational Torsion Balance will be at least 5 meters away from a wall or screen. For best results, use a very sturdy table, such as an optics table.
2. Carefully secure the Gravitational Torsion Balance in the base.
3. Remove the front plate by removing the thumbscrews.
4. Fasten the clear plastic plate to the case with the thumbscrews.

Figure 2: Removing a plate from the Chamber Box

Leveling the Gravitational Torsion Balance

1. Release the pendulum from the locking mechanism by unscrewing the locking screws on the case, lowering the locking mechanisms to their lowest positions (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Lowering the Locking Mechanism to Release the Pendulum Bob Arms

2. Adjust the feet of the base until the pendulum is centered in the leveling sight (Figure 4). (The base of the pendulum will appear as a dark circle surrounded by a ring of light).
3. Orient the Gravitational Torsion Balance so the mirror on the pendulum bob faces a screen or wall that is at least 5 meters away.

Figure 4: Using the Leveling Sight Figure 5: Adjusting the Height of the Pendulum

Vertical Adjustment of the Pendulum

The base of the pendulum should be flush with the floor of the pendulum chamber. If it is not, adjust the height of the pendulum:

1. Grasp the torsion ribbon head and loosen the Phillips retaining screw (Figure 5a).
2. Adjust the height of the pendulum by moving the torsion ribbon head up or down so the base of the pendulum is flush with the floor of the pendulum chamber (Figure 5b).
3. Tighten the retaining (Phillips head) screw.

1. Put the rod in the rod stand. Attach the Heat Engine to the rod by sliding the Heat Engine’s rod clamp onto the rod. The Heat Engine should be oriented with the piston end up and the Heat Engine should be positioned close to the bottom of the rod stand (see Figure 1).

2. Attach the Rotary Motion Sensor to the top of the rod stand and align the medium groove of the pulley of the Rotary Motion Sensor so a string coming from the center of the Heat Engine’s piston platform will pass over the pulley.

Figure 1– Setup

3. Thread one end of a piece of string through the hole in the top of the piston platform and tie that end of the string to the shaft of the piston under the piston platform. See Figure 2. Pass the other end of the string over the medium step of Rotary Motion Sensor pulley and attach the mass hanger and masses totaling 35 grams. This mass acts as a counterweight for the piston.

3. Thread one end of a piece of string through the hole in the top of the piston platform and tie that end of the string to the shaft of the piston under the piston platform. See Figure 2. Pass the other end of the string over the medium step of Rotary Motion Sensor pulley and attach the mass hanger and masses totaling 35 grams. This mass acts as a counterweight for the piston.

4. Position the piston about 2 or 3 cm from the bottom of the cylinder and attach the tube from the can to one port on the Heat Engine and attach the tube from the pressure sensor to the other port on the Heat Engine.

5. Connect the Pressure Sensor to Channel A, the two Temperature Sensors to Channels B and C, and the Rotary Motion Sensor to Channels 1 and 2 on the computer interface.

Figure 2–Attaching string to piston

6. Put hot water (about 80oC) into one of the plastic containers (about half full). Put ice water in the other plastic container. The large (about 3 liter) containers keep the hot and cold temperatures constant during the heat engine cycle.

7. Place one temperature sensor in the hot water and place the other temperature sensor in the cold water. Note that the temperature sensors are labeled hot and cold in the software program so you will have to pay attention to which sensor you put in the hot water and which is in the cold water.

A heat engine is a device that does work by extracting thermal energy from a hot reservoir and exhausting thermal energy to a cold reservoir. In this experiment, the heat engine consists of air inside a cylinder which expands when the attached can is immersed in hot water. The expanding air pushes on a piston and does work by lifting a weight. The heat engine cycle is completed by immersing the can in cold water, which returns the air pressure and volume to the starting values.

THEORY

The theoretical maximum efficiency of a heat engine depends only on the temperature of the hot reservoir, TH, and the temperature of the cold reservoir, TC. The maximum efficiency is given by

Where W is the work done by the heat engine on its environment and QH is the heat extracted from the hot reservoir.

At the beginning of the cycle, the air is held at a constant temperature while a weight is placed on top of the piston. Work is done on the gas and heat is exhausted to the cold reservoir.

The internal energy of the gas (?U=nCv? T) does not change since the temperature does not change. According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, (?U=Q _ W) where Q is the heat added to the gas and W is the work done by the gas.

In the second part of the cycle, heat is added to the gas, causing the gas to expand, pushing the piston up, doing work by lifting the weight. This process takes place at constant pressure (atmospheric pressure) because the piston is free to move.

For an isobaric process, the heat added to the gas is QP=nCP?T, where n is the number of moles of gas in the container, CP is the molar heat capacity for constant pressure, and ?T is the change in temperature. The work done by the gas is found using the First Law of Thermodynamics, W=Q-?U, where Q is the heat added to the gas and U is the internal energy of the gas, given by ?U=nCV?T, where CV is the molar heat capacity for constant volume.

Since air consists mostly of diatomic molecules, CV=5/2 R and CP=7/2 R.

In the third part of the cycle, the weight is lifted off the piston while the gas is held at the hotter temperature. Heat is added to the gas and the gas expands, doing work. During this isothermal process, the work done is given by

where Vi is the initial volume at the beginning of the isothermal process and Vf is the final volume at the end of the isothermal process. Since the change in internal energy is zero for an isothermal process, the First Law of Thermodynamics shows that the heat added to the gas is equal to the work done by the gas:

In the final part of the cycle, heat is exhausted from the gas to the cold reservoir, returning the piston to its original position. This process is isobaric and the same equations apply as in the second part of the cycle.

1. Keep the same track configuration as shown in Figures 4 and 5. Make certain the photogate is directly over the top of the loop. Hold a car at the top of the loop and adjust the photogate up or down so the photogate flag will block the gate. Note that the flag must be in a particular side of the car in order to pass through the gate.

2. Connect 3 Mini Cars together as shown in Figure 7.

3. Place a flag in each car as shown in Figure 8.

4. Set the Smart Timer on Time: Fence Mode to measure the speed of each cart at the top of the loop.

5. Press the Button #3 on the Smart Timer to ready the timer. Place the 3-car coaster at the top of the hill on the left and release it from rest.

6. After the coaster passes through the loop, press Button #3 on the Smart Timer to stop timing. The first time displayed will be the time between blocks on the first car’s photogate flag. See Figure 9. Then step through the subsequent times by repeatedly pressing Button #2.

Figure 9: Photogate Timing

Figure 9: Photogate Timing

The second and third times are when the second car’s photogate flag blocked the photogate. Take the difference between the second and third times to find the time for the passing of the second car’s flag. Similarly, the fourth and fifth times correspond to the blocking by the third car’s flag. Calculate the speed of each car using the block-block distance of the flag (1 cm):

QUESTIONS

1. Which car is going the fastest at the top of the loop? Considering energy conservation, how can each car have a different speed at the top of the loop?

2. Which car experiences the least normal force at the top of the loop?

3. How is the experience of the riders in the first car of a coaster different from the experience of the riders in the last car of a coaster?

1. Configure the two tracks as shown in Figures 10 and 11. Attach a photogate at the end of the two tracks as shown in Figure 11. Also put catchers on the end of each track to keep the cars from going off the end of the tracks. Put a photogate flag in each of the cars, in the sides nearest to the other car so both flags will block the photogate.

2. If the cars are started from rest on the left end of each track at the same time, predict which car will reach the right end first. Try it to test your prediction.

3. Prediction: Which car will have the greater speed at the right end of the track?

4. Set the Smart Timer for Speed: Collision Mode. Press the Button #3 on the Smart Timer to ready the timer. Place the two cars on the left end of the track and release them from rest.

5. After the cars pass through the photogate, press Button #3 on the Smart Timer to stop timing. The speeds of the cars will be displayed.

QUESTIONS

1. Which car has the greater speed at the right end of the track? How does energy conservation explain the result?

2. Which car reaches the end of the track first? Why?

1. How does increasing the mass of the car change the total energy?

2. How does increasing the mass of the car change the speed of the car at the bottom?

3. Does the car lose a greater percentage of its energy when it has the extra mass or not?

1. Configure the track as shown in Figures 2 and 3. Attach photogates at the top of the hill and on the straight portion at the bottom. Also put the catcher on the end of the straight part to keep the car from going off the end of the track.

2. Place the Mini Car at the top of the hill on the left. Mark on the white board where you start the car. Measure the initial height of the car: Measure from the table to the center of the car.

3. Place the car at the top of the small hill in the center and measure the height of the car.

4. Place the car at the bottom on the flat part of the track and measure the height of the car from the table.

5. Place the car at the top and release it from rest. Use the Smart Timer on Velocity: 2 Gate Mode to measure the speed of the cart at the top of the center hill and at the bottom.

6. Calculate the initial total energy of the car.

7. Calculate the total energy of the car at the top of the center hill.

8. How much energy is lost? Where does it go?

9. Calculate the percent of total energy lost.

10. Calculate the total energy of the car at the bottom. Calculate the percent of the total energy lost between the starting position on the left and the final position on the right.

QUESTIONS

1. Using the speed of the car at the top of the middle hill, calculate the normal force on the car. You will need to estimate the radius of a circle that matches the curvature of the hill by drawing the circle on the white board.

2. How fast would the car have to go to cause the normal force to be zero at the top of the hill? How high would the car have to start to make this happen?

1. Configure the track as shown in Figures 4 and 5. Attach a photogate at the top of the loop. Also put the catcher on the end of the track to keep the car from going off the end of the track.

2. Put a peg in the center of the loop. Place the Mini Car at the top of the loop. Mark on the position of the center of mass of the car on the white board. Measure from the center of the center peg to the center of mass of the car at the top of the loop (see Figure 6).

3. Measure the distance from the center of mass of the car at the top of the loop to the table.

4. Using Conservation of Energy, predict the minimum height from which the car can be released on the left end of the track so the car will just make it completely over the loop.

5. Draw a horizontal line from the top of the circle you drew for the loop to the left part of the track. Measure from this line to mark the starting position calculated in Part 4.

6. Place the center of mass of the car at the marked predicted position and release it from rest.

QUESTIONS

1. Does the car make it over? If not, why not? If so, does it just make it or did you start too high?

2. Once you have determined the release position where the car will make it over the loop, observe and mark the highest position reached on the right side of the track. In theory, where should this position be? How far above or below is this position from the horizontal line drawn in Part 5? Use the loss in height from the starting position to calculate the percent energy lost.

A car is started from rest on a variety of shapes of tracks (hills, valleys, loops, straight track) and the speeds of the car at various points along the track are measured using a photogate connected to a Smart Timer. The potential energy is calculated from the measured height and the kinetic energy is calculated from the speed. The total energy is calculated for two points on the track and compared.

The height from which the car must be released from rest to just make it over the loop can be predicted from conservation of energy and the centripetal acceleration. Then the prediction can be tested on the real roller coaster. Also, if the car is released from the top of the hill so it easily makes it over the top of the loop, the speed of the car can be measured at the top of the loop and the centripetal acceleration as well as the apparent weight (normal force) on the car can be calculated.

THEORY

The total energy (E) of the car is equal to its kinetic energy (K) and its potential energy (U).

E = K + U (1)

(2)

where m is the mass of the car and v is the speed of the car.

U=mgh (3)

where g is the acceleration due to gravity and h is the height of the car above the position where the potential energy is defined to be zero.

If friction can be ignored, the total energy of the car does not change. The Law of Conservation of Energy is stated as

E = constant

Figure 1: Step Configuration

1. Configure the track as shown in Figure 1. Attach a photogate to the straight portion at the bottom, positioned to measure the speed of the car just after it reaches the straight part (on the second peg from the left). Also put the catcher on the end of the straight part to keep the car from going off the end of the track.

2. Place the Mini Car at the top of the step on the left. Mark on the white board where you start the car. Measure the initial height of the car: Measure from the table to the center of mass of the car. Note that the center of mass of the car is approximately at the slot where the flag is inserted. The exact center of mass can be determined by balancing the car. Measure the car’s mass.

3. Place the car at the bottom on the flat part of the track and measure the height of the car from the table.

4. Place the car at the top and release it from rest. Use the photogate and Smart Timer (set on the Velocity: One Gate Mode) to measure the speed of the cart at the bottom of the step.

5. Calculate the initial total energy of the car.

6. Calculate the final total energy of the car.

7. How much energy is lost? Where does it go?

8. Calculate the percent of total energy lost.

9. Place the 50g mass on the car and repeat steps 2 through 8 above.

1. Screw the Photogate to the frame of the Centripetal Force Apparatus.
2. Attach the entire Centripetal Force Apparatus as low as possible to the 90cm rod and base.
3. Attach the 45cm rod horizontally to the 90 cm rod with the multi-clamp.
4. Hang the Force Sensor from the horizontal rod.
5. Screw the Ball Bearing Swivel to the Force Sensor.
6. Thread the cable through the plastic pulley and attach the other end to the sliding post.
7. Plug the Photogate into the Photogate Port. Plug the Photogate Port into a PASPORT Interface Plug the Force Sensor into a PASPORT Interface.
8. Making sure it is off, connect the power supply to the Centripetal Force Apparatus with banana plugs.
9. Level the base.

Figure 1: Centripetal Force Apparatus

Software Setup
1. Open any of the files CentripetalForce_A (PP).ds, CentripetalForce_B (PP).ds, and CentripetalForce_C (PP).ds.
2. Select the “Setup” button in DataStudio. Click the Change Value button. Enter the value of 0.3142 for the arc length (in meters). This corresponds to a 0.050 m radius.

1. Science Workshop Interface users, open the file “CentripetalForce_C.ds.” PASPORT Interface users, open the file “CentripetalForce_C (PP).ds.”
2. Make sure the power supply is off when you begin.
3. Keep the 30g mass attached to the string and the rotating platform as it was in Experiment 1. It should be able to slide freely back and forth in the slot. If it does not, adjust the nuts and washers accordingly.
4. Now, adjust the height of the force sensor so that the sliding mass maintains an approximately 0.050 m radius. Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage from 0 to 5 V. Observe the vertical section of cable. Turn the power supply down to 0 V. If the vertical section of cable is not completely vertical, adjust the horizontal rod. Pull the mass to tighten the cable to determine the actual radius. Record the value of the radius in the Force v. Radius data table. Remember to adjust the fixed mass to match the radius of the free mass.
5. Select the “Setup” button in DataStudio. For ScienceWorkshop Users: Double click the Smart Pulley Icon. In the Sensor Properties Dialog Box select the “Constant” tab. Highlight “Spoke Arc Length.” For PASPORT Users: If necessary, scroll until the Smart Pulley (Linear) Icon is visible. Click the “Change Value” button.
6. Enter the value of the spoke arc length using the following equation: spoke arc length = 2 x ? x radius.
7. For ScienceWorkshop Users: Select “OK” and minimize the Sensor Properties Dialog Box to return to the previous graphs in DataStudio. For PASPORT Users: Select “OK” and minimize the “Experiment Setup” window to return to the previous graphs in DataStudio.
8. From the Experiment Menu, select “Monitor Data.”
9. Slowly increase the voltage until the velocity maintains a constant value; for example, 2.0 m/s.
10. Press the Stop button.
11. Without changing the voltage, turn off the power supply.
12. Press the “TARE” or “ZERO” button.
13. Turn on the power supply.
14. Press the Start button. Observe the velocity data. If it does not maintain a constant value return to step 9.
15. Allow data collection to occur for approximately 5 seconds. Press the Stop button.
16. Decrease the voltage to 0 V. Turn off the power supply.
17. Enter the value of the Mean Force into the Force v. Radius data table.
18. From the Experiment Menu, select “Delete All Data Runs.”
19. Return to step 4 and increase the radius by approximately 0.010 m (1.0cm). Important: The spoke arc length must be recalculated each time the radius is adjusted.
20. Repeat data collection until at least 6 data pairs are recorded.

ANALYSIS – FORCE VS. RADIUS
1. Observe your Force v Radius Graph and Data Table.
2. Enter your Force values from the Force v Radius Data Table into the “Force v 1/Radius” Data Table.
3. Inverse the Radius values and enter them into the “Force v 1/Radius ” Data Table.
4. Observe the Force v 1/Radius Graph. Select the “fit” button and choose the appropriate fit.

FINAL ANALYSIS

1. Using words and a mathematical expression, describe the relationship between force and mass in uniform circular motion.
2. Using words and a mathematical expression, describe the relationship between force and velocity in uniform circular motion.
3. Using words and a mathematical expression, describe the relationship between force and radius in uniform circular motion.
4. Combine the three relationships above to create one relationship for force, mass, velocity, and radius.
5. How would you convert this expression into an equation?
6. What is the constant of proportionality for this equation? Explain.
7. How could such an equation be used?
8. The figure above is an overhead view of the rotating mass. For each of the 4 points, draw the direction and relative magnitude of the force.

1. Science Workshop Interface users, open the file “CentripetalForce_A.ds.” PASPORT Interface users, open the file “CentripetalForce_A (PP).ds.”
2. Make sure the power supply is off when you begin.
3. Find the total mass of the 5 g mass, screw, washers, bolt, and nut that comprise the rotating mass. Enter that value in kilograms into the Force v Mass data table in DataStudio.
4. Attach this mass to the cable and the rotating platform as in figure 2. Make certain that the cable is attached below the mass. At this point it should be able to slide freely back and forth in the slot. If it does not, adjust the nuts and washers accordingly.
Figure 2: Attaching the “free” mass

5. Now, adjust the height of the force sensor so that this mass maintains a 0.050 m radius. Pull the mass to tighten the cable to determine the actual radius.
6. To avoid wobbling, tighten an identical mass directly to the rotating platform as a counterbalance so that it is also 0.050 m away from the center of the rotating platform.
7. Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage from 0 to 5 V. Observe the vertical section of cable. If it is not completely vertical, adjust the horizontal rod. Turn the power supply down to 0 V.
8. From the Experiment Menu, select “Monitor Data.”
9. Slowly increase the voltage until the velocity maintains a constant value; for example, 2.0 m/s.
10. Press the Stop button.
11. Without changing the voltage, turn off the power supply.
12. Press the “TARE” or “ZERO” button.
13. Turn on the power supply.
14. Press the Start button. Observe the velocity data. If it does not maintain a constant value return to step 9.
15. Allow data collection to occur for approximately 5 seconds. Press the Stop button.
16. Decrease the voltage to 0 V. Turn off the power supply.
17. Enter the value of the Mean Force into the Force v. Mass data table.
18. From the Experiment Menu, select “Delete All Data Runs.”
19. Return to step 3 and increase the mass by 5.0 g (0.005kg).
20. Repeat data collection until at least 6 data pairs are recorded.

ANALYSIS – FORCE VS. MASS
1. Observe the Force v Mass Graph. Select the “fit” button and choose the appropriate fit.

EXPERIMENT 2 – FORCE VS. VELOCITY
(Radius and Mass Must be Constant)

1. Science Workshop Interface users, open the file “CentripetalForce_B.ds.” PASPORT Interface users, open the file “CentripetalForce_B (PP).ds.”
2. Make sure the power supply is off when you begin.
3. Keep the 30g mass attached to the cable and the rotating platform as it was in Experiment 1. It should be able to slide freely back and forth in the slot. If it does not, adjust the nuts and washers accordingly.
4. If necessary, adjust the height of the force sensor so that this mass maintains a 0.050 m radius. Pull the mass to tighten the cable to determine the actual radius.
5. Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage from 0 to 5 V. Observe the vertical section of cable. If it is not completely vertical, adjust the horizontal rod. Turn the power supply down to 0 V.
6. Press the “TARE” or “ZERO” button on the Force Sensor.
7. Select “Start” in DataStudio.
8. Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage from 0 to 10 V. Do not exceed 10 V on the power supply. Collect data only as the velocity increases.
9. Press “Stop” in DataStudio when the voltage reaches 10 V.

ANALYSIS – FORCE VS. VELOCITY

1. Observe your Force v Velocity Graph and Data Table. Using the Smart Tool , select about 20 representative data points.
2. Enter the Force values from the Force v Velocity Data Table into the “Force v V^2″ Data Table.
3. Square the Velocity values and enter them into the “Force v V^2″ Data Table.
4. Observe the Force v Velocity Squared Graph. Select the “fit” button and choose the appropriate fit.

In this activity, students will use a Force Sensor and Photo-gate to discover the relationship of centripetal force, mass, velocity and radius for an object in uniform circular motion. Students will determine what happens to centripetal force as the result of changes in mass, velocity, and radius.

THEORY

According to Newton’s First Law, an object in motion tends to stay in motion in a straight line at a constant speed if there is no external net force applied to the object. Does an object in circular motion tend to stay in circular motion if there is no external net force applied to it?
A constant force is required to keep an object in circular motion. Centripetal force is the force that maintains an object’s circular motion.
Examples of centripetal force include the tension in a string attached to a can twirled in a circular path, the friction between the road and the tires of a car on a curve, or the force of gravity pulling a satellite toward the center of Earth as the satellite moves in a circular orbit.
The magnitude of centripetal force Fc depends on the mass m of the object, its circular speed v, and the radius r of the circular motion.

1. Screw the Photogate to the frame of the Centripetal Force Apparatus.
2. Attach the entire Centripetal Force Apparatus as low as possible to the 90cm rod and base.
3. Attach the 45cm rod horizontally to the 90 cm rod with the multi-clamp.
4. Hang the Force Sensor from the horizontal rod.
5. Screw the Ball Bearing Swivel to the Force Sensor.
6. Thread the cable through the plastic pulley and attach the other end to the sliding post.
7. Plug the Photogate into Digital Channel 1. Plug the Force Sensor into Analog Channel A.
8. Making sure it is off, connect the power supply to the Centripetal Force Apparatus with banana plugs.
9. Level the base.

Figure 1: Centripetal Force Apparatus

Software Setup
1. Open any of the files CentripetalForce_A.ds, CentripetalForce_B.ds, and CentripetalForce_C.ds.
2. Select the “Setup” button in DataStudio. Double click the Smart Pulley Icon. In the Sensor Properties Dialog Box select the “Constant” tab. Highlight “Spoke Arc Length.” Enter the value of 0.3142 for the arc length (in meters). This corresponds to a 0.050 m radius.

In addition to antennas, Sector antenna by focusing the beam in a more focused area, offers greater range and throughput. We can use various combination of sector antennas to cover 360 degree. We can use 4 sector antennas radiating at 90 degree angle or 3 radiating at 120 degree.

Basic Structure

The structure of the antenna is not as much complicated as it looks since it performs a magnificent word for today & former era. Referring to structure, Antennas are generally composed of stacked of dipole by bundling their radiated power to form a desired antenna pattern in vertical plains around the antennas. Depending on the gain desired that wants to be achieved, several of those dipoles can be arranged on top of one another.

Advance sector antennas:

When talking to advanced features of sector antennas, it is apparent that they have the functionality of changing the angle and direction of radiation according to our requirement automatically. Most companies use such antennas for WiMaX.

Importance:

Antennas have played a tremendous role in telecommunications and so are the important part of BTS, BS, and MSC used to transmit or receive signals from one hop to next hop. Transmission quality of antennas depends upon number of factors including distance, transmission power, gain, direction, interference etc.