Creating Ability to speak English:-

We learn to speak our mother tongue by imitating those who speak around us, in a similar manner a foreign language is learned by imitation and reproduction. In the earlier stages, parrot-like repetition is more important than understanding the various parts of a sentence, or formulating ideas in a desired pattern. It is just like learning some skills as driving as knitting. The rule followed is,

Practice makes a man perfect!

When certain forms of languages have become automatic with learner, he will be able to reproduce them at his will. The teacher should therefore, give drill and ample practice in the basic patterns of language so that they become automatic with the pupils. The questions and answers also help in developing the power of expression.

In order to acquire the ability to speak English the students must possess:

Sufficient vocabulary;
A reasonable command of English idiom;
Reasonably correct pronunciation and intonation;
A proper sense of sentence structure;

The skillful use of language requires endless repetition and practice. It is due to the absence of this mode of learning a skill that most of students can hardly speak a sentence of English even after graduation which means at least nine years of study of the English language. So the must possess the following qualities and follow these suggestions to speak good English. Pronunciation, Practice, Correction of mistakes and learning by games.

The historical development of audit in Pakistan is resumed as:

Year 1850-1881
The first act in British India was in acted in the year 1850.According to this act any company/firm was to be audited twice a year, but unfortunately there were only few firms of accountants (who performs the audit) and they were busy enough to provide their services as per the act defines.

Year 1881-1913
Later on in 1881 another act was passed that gives the true definition of auditor and defined the procedures to hire, select and removal of an auditor. This act also explained the duties of the auditor. During this time layers were used to conduct audit, it was not compulsory for the firms to be audited by the accountants.

Year 1913-1932
Then the company act 1913 was passed. This act made it essential for auditor to get government certificate to be a professional auditor, moreover it became mandatory for all firms to maintain their accounts and records for the audit purpose. At that time there was no specific training for the professional auditors.

Year 1918
During this period it was mandatory for all auditors to get the government diploma in accountancy (GDA), this diploma made them eligible to get the government certificate as prescribed in company act 1913-1932.Meanwhile an accountancy board was attached with commerce collage to register apprentice ship and conduct required examination.

Year 1932
Till the year 1932, there was no centralized control over accountancy profession but later on the government framed some rules known as the “Auditor Certificate Rules” with a view to:
Register apprentice ship, Conduct examination, Conduct and regulate the profession of auditing. After the formulation of these rules the profession of accountancy and auditing was supervised by the ministry of commerce of central government.

Year 1952
After the independence of Pakistan the registered accountants formed a private body “Pakistan Institute of Accountants” to look after their own interests.

Year 1959
In the year 1959 PIA established an independent body “Council of Accountancy” to recommend chartered accountants in Pakistan.

Year 1961
Institute of chartered accountants came into being on july1961; a draft of chartered accountants bye-law was prepared and published for inviting public comments. This institute was administered by council of 13.

Year 1984
in December 1984 the company’s act 1913 was replaced with company’s act 1984,according to this act it was mandatory for the firms to prepare and maintain their accounting records, cost accounting records, cash flow statements, fund flow statements and so on.

Investment and Securities Management

Assignment – MBA (Finance & Banking)

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Investment |Definition |Investor |Definition | Investment policy |Investor protection policy in Pakistan |Objectives of investment | Important elements of investor’s policy.

PRACTICAL STUDY

SECURITIES and EXCHANGE COMMISSION OF PAKISTAN

SECP |Introduction |History

SECP
Vision |Mission |Main goals |Strategy

Services and Regulations

SECP Investor Protection Policies |SECP Educational Program |SECP Investor’s Guide.

Finalizing

Advantages |Recommendations |Conclusions

SET UP

Preliminary Set Up
1. Place the support base on a flat, stable table that is located such that the Gravitational Torsion Balance will be at least 5 meters away from a wall or screen. For best results, use a very sturdy table, such as an optics table.
2. Carefully secure the Gravitational Torsion Balance in the base.
3. Remove the front plate by removing the thumbscrews.
4. Fasten the clear plastic plate to the case with the thumbscrews.

Figure 2: Removing a plate from the Chamber Box

Leveling the Gravitational Torsion Balance

1. Release the pendulum from the locking mechanism by unscrewing the locking screws on the case, lowering the locking mechanisms to their lowest positions (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Lowering the Locking Mechanism to Release the Pendulum Bob Arms

2. Adjust the feet of the base until the pendulum is centered in the leveling sight (Figure 4). (The base of the pendulum will appear as a dark circle surrounded by a ring of light).
3. Orient the Gravitational Torsion Balance so the mirror on the pendulum bob faces a screen or wall that is at least 5 meters away.

Figure 4: Using the Leveling Sight Figure 5: Adjusting the Height of the Pendulum

Vertical Adjustment of the Pendulum

The base of the pendulum should be flush with the floor of the pendulum chamber. If it is not, adjust the height of the pendulum:

1. Grasp the torsion ribbon head and loosen the Phillips retaining screw (Figure 5a).
2. Adjust the height of the pendulum by moving the torsion ribbon head up or down so the base of the pendulum is flush with the floor of the pendulum chamber (Figure 5b).
3. Tighten the retaining (Phillips head) screw.

Continued from Cycle-1….
SET UP

1. Put the rod in the rod stand. Attach the Heat Engine to the rod by sliding the Heat Engine’s rod clamp onto the rod. The Heat Engine should be oriented with the piston end up and the Heat Engine should be positioned close to the bottom of the rod stand (see Figure 1).

2. Attach the Rotary Motion Sensor to the top of the rod stand and align the medium groove of the pulley of the Rotary Motion Sensor so a string coming from the center of the Heat Engine’s piston platform will pass over the pulley.

Figure 1– Setup

3. Thread one end of a piece of string through the hole in the top of the piston platform and tie that end of the string to the shaft of the piston under the piston platform. See Figure 2. Pass the other end of the string over the medium step of Rotary Motion Sensor pulley and attach the mass hanger and masses totaling 35 grams. This mass acts as a counterweight for the piston.

3. Thread one end of a piece of string through the hole in the top of the piston platform and tie that end of the string to the shaft of the piston under the piston platform. See Figure 2. Pass the other end of the string over the medium step of Rotary Motion Sensor pulley and attach the mass hanger and masses totaling 35 grams. This mass acts as a counterweight for the piston.

4. Position the piston about 2 or 3 cm from the bottom of the cylinder and attach the tube from the can to one port on the Heat Engine and attach the tube from the pressure sensor to the other port on the Heat Engine.

5. Connect the Pressure Sensor to Channel A, the two Temperature Sensors to Channels B and C, and the Rotary Motion Sensor to Channels 1 and 2 on the computer interface.

Figure 2–Attaching string to piston

6. Put hot water (about 80oC) into one of the plastic containers (about half full). Put ice water in the other plastic container. The large (about 3 liter) containers keep the hot and cold temperatures constant during the heat engine cycle.

7. Place one temperature sensor in the hot water and place the other temperature sensor in the cold water. Note that the temperature sensors are labeled hot and cold in the software program so you will have to pay attention to which sensor you put in the hot water and which is in the cold water.