OSI PHYSICAL LAYER
Topology: Physical arrangements of the network.
Transmission Media: The type of media we will use to send information.
Types of Topology:
Bus Topology:
Advantages: It’s the cheapest type of topology, easy to implement, used on smaller networks and can be used in distributed networks.
Disadvantages: It’s a passive technology in which a user cannot regenerate signals. Number of users is limited and if its break on any one point whole network will be dead.
Ring Topology:
Advantages: it’s an active topology because it can regenerate signals. Easy to implement and can be used in distributed networks
Disadvantages: It was also need at a certain extent because it was not available to all the users what we want. If it is break on any one point whole network will be dead.
Star Topology:
Advantages: There is a central connecting device by which every computer is connected separately. If one physical link is break only this computer will be dead, it will not disturb the others. It can be passive as well as active topology. It was passive before now it is active due to LAN Switches which checks, examines and regenerates the signal. It can support large number of users.
Disadvantages: Expensive as compared to other topologies.
Central Device: Ethernet – Hub, Ethernet – Switch, Token Ring – MAU.
Star – Bus Topology / Hybrid:
When it’s a combination of star and bus such as star is within the building and to connect buildings we use bus topology.
WAN Topologies:
In WAN (World Wide Area Network) we have four topologies.
Daisy Chain: When computers at different cities are connected to each other like a bus topology. The head of one is connected to the tail of another. It’s not purely like a bus, the network are connected to one another in form of links. If one link of networks is dead the other will be disconnected, it’s slow. It is used only where branch office is connected to head office and secondly the importance of time and response is not needed.
Hub & Spoke: When networks are connected to one another in the form of star topology, there is one central network which is connected to all other network. If one link is down, the others will not be disturbed. It’s faster than the daisy chain but its cost is higher than the previous one. Cost is dependent on the distance and geographical location.
Mesh Topology: Any source has more than one links exist is called mesh topology. Its selected due to when the time of link is critical in mesh a single point is connected to every other point. It’s very reliable as compared to other types. We need more links to connect these points, if one link is down that other links will not be interrupted.
Partial Mesh Topology: Every link is not connected to every another link but still using more than one path to transmit information to link. Its combination of daisy chain with fully mesh or hub & spoke. It’s not necessary you use a single topology in WAN, you combine different topologies depending on the business scenario by taking care of pros and cons.
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